· Works with six or more authors
· Citing two or more works in the same parentheses
· Citing a work discussed in a secondary source
“Compiling a reference list” in the APA style
· Article or chapter in an edited book
· Article or chapter in a reference book
· Journal article, two authors
· Journal article, three or more authors
· Journal article, more than 6 authors
· Newspaper article, no author
AUDIOVISUAL AND NONPRINT MEDIA/ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
This is a brief guide to citing within text in the body of assignments to comply with the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association [APA]. (2001). (5th ed.). Located at Dewey call number 808.06615 PUB.
Sample entries are given of the most common formats that you are likely to use. (APA in brackets indicates page numbers in the manual for further clarification)
You have a choice:
…..Howlett (2005) compared the two studies
…..in a recent comparison of the two studies (Howlett, 2005) found……
…..In 2005 Howlett compared….
The year does not have to be repeated within the same paragraph unless it could confuse the reader with other works by the same author e.g. Howlett (2003) and Howlett (1996).
Always cite both authors every time using the word and between the authors in running text.
In parenthesis, tables, captions and the reference list use an ampersand (&) between the authors.
…. .Jones and Osmond (2004) found…………..
….. as has been demonstrated (Osmond & Jones)……….
If a work has three, four or five authors, cite all the surnames the first time, thereafter use only the first surname followed by “et al.”
……..Johnson, Sheat, Mihaylova, Waddick and Jones (2003) found……… (1st citation)
……..Johnson et al. (2003) found……… (2nd and subsequent citations)
Cite only the surname of the first author followed by “et al.” and the year for all citations.
…………Osmond et al. (2004), verified……….
Arrange titles by the same author in order by year of publication and other authors alphabetically separated by a semi-colon
….past research ( Howlett, 2004; Johnson, 1905, 1938, 1941; Osmond & Jones, 2001).
The names of groups as authors (e.g. government agencies, associations) are usually spelt out in
full (e.g. University of Otago).
However if the name is long and an abbreviation is not confusing and easily recognised, it can be abbreviated.
First citation ……..(American College of Sports Medicine [ACSM], 2001).
Subsequent citations ……..(ACSM, 2001).
In text name the original work and cite the secondary source.
……………Willis and Campbell’s study (as cited in Killer, Murder & Judge, 1978).
In the reference list use only the secondary source.
Killer, C., Murder, W., & Judge, P. (1978). How to flat together and survive. (9th ed.). Wanaka, New Zealand: Lakes District Press.
When using a direct quote or specific part of a source include the page, chapter, table or figure etc, in the text
……Kaper & Hollandaise, 2005, p. 45).
Works with no author APA, p. 210
Authors with same surname APA, p. 211
Specific parts of electronic source with no page numbers APA, p. 213
Classical works APA, p. 213
Personal communications APA, p. 214
The reference list should include all the information necessary to identify and retrieve the various sources cited in text.
Arrange the entries in alphabetical order according to the last name of the first author. For special rules APA, p. 219
The second and subsequent lines should be indented.
Author, A. A. (Date of publication). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Italicise the title. Capitalise the first letter of the first word, all proper nouns e.g. New Zealand. And the first letter after a colon. For location give city and state in the United States OR city/state/province/country for outside the United States.
Other examples APA, p. 217
Wood, N.V. (1995). Perspectives on argument. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
In this case NJ is abbreviated from New Jersey. Check the APA, p. 218 for other states.
Hawley, J.G., & Tilghman, C. P. (1992). Getting down to specifics. New York: HarperCollins.
Here the exception is New York, a city well known for publishing. For others see APA, p. 217
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
In this case, when the author of a work and the publisher are the same, you can write “Author” as the name of the publisher.
The edition number is cited only if the book is not the first edition.
Ricklefts, D. (1990). Ecology (3rd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
Standford, J.A. (Ed.). (1993). Connections: A multicultural reader for writers. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music. (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.
Torres, M. (1993). Crossing the border. In J.A. Stanford (Ed.) , Connections: A multicultural reader for writers (pp. 70-73). New York: Springer.
Here the editor’s name appears as ‘normal’ to assist distinguishing the editor/s.
Russell, R.W. (1984). Psychology in
Australia. In Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 3,
pp. 112-115). New York: Wiley.
When no author or editor is found, use the title in the author position. Alphabetise books with no author or editor by the first significant word in the title.
Penguin Macquarie dictionary of Australian politics. (1988). Ringwood, Vic: Penguin.
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue), page number (s).
Give the issue numbering parenthesis only if each issue of the journal starts with the first page numbered one. Capitalise the major words of journal titles. Italicise the periodical title and the volume number, if any. Use commas after the title and volume number. Note p. or pp. is not used for pages in periodicals.
Langford, D. R. (1996) Policy issues for improving institutional response to domestic violence. Journal of Nursing Administration, 26(1), 39-45.
Sauvain, K. J., & Hughes, R. B. (1994). Back pain in children. Orthopedic Nursing, 13(6), 145-152.
Bozoian, S.T., Rejeski, W.J., & McAuley, E.E. (1994). Self-efficacy influences feeling states associated with acute exercise. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 326-333.
Bozoian, S. T., Rejeski W. J., McAuley, E. E., Qolchik, S. A., West, D., Tein, P., et al. (1994). Self-efficacy influences feeling states associated with acute exercise. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 326-333.
After the sixth author’s name and initials, use et al. to indicate the remaining authors of the article.
Regier, S.T., Narrow, W.J., & Ray, P., et al. (1994). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24(Suppl. 2), 3-33
Bozoian, S.T., & McAuley, E.E. (2000, November 10).Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120.
Southern Institute of Technology free fees scheme off to a good start. (2001, January 15). The Southland Times, p.14
(Note use of page number)
Name(s) (function of originator or primary producer). (Date) . Title [medium]. Place of publication: Publisher
Henderson, C. (Producer & Director). (1987). How a child grows, the first five days [Video recording]. (Available from Festival Records Pty Ltd).
Kirkwood, Tom. (Speaker). (1996). End of age (Cassette Recording). London: BBC.
The citations for articles follow the same format as those for print journals, but they include the URL and the date the site was accessed.
Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A. (1995). A history of facilitated communication: Science working group [Electronic version]. American Psychologist 50, 750-765. Retrieved January 25, 2001, from http://www.apa.org/journals/jacobson.html
· Article in an Internet only Journal. (APA, p. 272)
· Multi-page document created by private organisation, no date. (APA, p. 273)
· Stand alone document, no author identified, no date. (APA, p. 274)
· Paper presented at a symposium, abstract retrieved from a university website (APA, p. 276)
In the library, the book Writing a thesis or long document using a word processor, a practical guide by Ken and Cheryl Benn explains how to set up a template that can be used for all your assignments.
Page updated February 2010